Examples and guidelines in accordance with the APA 7 style are used in this guide. If you have started writing and have followed the previous guidelines, you can use the old reference guidelines until your work is completed.
Each reference cited in the text must be listed in the bibliography. There must be a citation in the text for every entry in the bibliography.
Add citations and references in a consistent manner throughout the text with sufficient accuracy.
Use original sources.
Cite references in parentheses by indicating the author's surname and the year of publication. When referring to an entire work, page numbers are not required. For more detailed instructions and examples of references in both text and the bibliography, see APA Style website or APA Style Blog for up-to-date examples.
If multiple studies support your statement, include multiple citations inside the same set of parentheses in the same order that they would appear in the list of references:
Studies of reading in childhood have produced mixed results (Albright et al., 2004; Gibson, 2011; Smith & Wexwood, 2010).
Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported an increase in the number of books read, whereas Gibson (2011) reported a decrease. Albright et al. (2004) found no significant results.
The nature of the reference can be regulated by using "see" or abbreviations such as "cf." (compare), for example: (cf. Allardt, 1976, pp. 52–53).
...your text (Saleem & Larimo, 2016).
Saleem and Larimo (2016) write that...
List references in alphabetical order in the bibliography, with publications from the same author listed in chronological order from the oldest to the newest.
In the bibliography, a hanging indent is used, with a setting of 1.25 cm. This means that the indention of the bibliographical text in every paragraph starts from the second line.
The APA 7 style reference list entries include four elements: author, date, title, and source.
Cite the restricted sources, such as Moodle or company intranet, as personal communications, and leave them out from the bibliography.
The problem with content generated by artificial intelligence, for example, ChatGPT or DALL-E, is that the reader may not reach the same conclusion despite the input being the same. However, you can use it as a source, see APA's instructions. If the content is significant for the publication consider making the ChatGPT conversation retrievable by including the text as an appendix or as online supplemental material.
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