Responsible research

Open Education is learning that often takes place using digital technologies. The aim is to widen access and participation for all, lowering barriers and increasing accessibility, provision and learner-centredness. Open learning

• diversifies opportunities for teaching, learning, knowledge creation, co-creation and sharing, and
• combines formal and informal learning pathways.

Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning and research materials in any format and on any medium that are

• released for public use (Public Domain), or
• licensed under an open license, which gives others the right to access the material free of charge, use and apply it in a new context, and modify and redistribute it.

Open Educational Practices are practices that make learning and teaching transparent, shareable and further modifiable. Examples of such practices include

• peer learning and the development of teaching between students, researchers and teaching staff and the rest of society,
• involving students in the planning of their learning pathways, including the identification and recognition of competences acquired outside the institution,
• opening learning opportunities to a wider audience (e.g. MOOCs),
• sharing and reusing resources related to the planning and organizing of teaching (e.g. curricula, assessment methods, guidelines, experiences of teaching and learning), and
• the use, development and co-development of open learning materials (e.g. videos, podcasts, written materials).

Source: https://avointiede.fi/en/open-science-expert-panels/open-education

Finnish open learning materials (aoe.fi)

Library of Open Educational Resources is a service of the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Finnish National Board of Education that brings together open learning materials in a single view for all levels of education. The service allows you to share and use open learning materials. The service is constantly being developed.

The Open Educational Resources service aims to promote the use of open educational resources by giving longevity and visibility to materials produced by different projects and individuals.

Foreign open learning materials

Meta search engines:

Image: Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0

Open textbooks:

1. DISCOVER
   Search for open access materials to support your teaching.
2. REVIEW
   Evaluate the possibility of making the material available. Is the material openly licensed? What kind of reuse rights does the licensing of the material allow?
3. COPY
   Copy the material for your own use.
4. SHARE
   Take a record of the publication address of the material, the name or pseudonym of the author and the exact license.
5. NOTE
   For the purposes of editing and further development of the material, it is important to note the terms of various CC licenses.
6. USE AND ATTRIBUTION
   When using the material, mention the source, author and license of the material.

When referring to the material, link to the original address of the material. If possible, always use the permanent online address (DOI, URN or handle) for the material. This also helps to ensure the permanence of links.

By storing your learning material in the Library of Open Educational Resources, you do not have to worry about who is responsible for ensuring that the material can be used long after the project has ended, both in your own institution and other institutions. The aim of the library is to make it as easy as possible for teachers, learners and ordinary citizens to find open learning materials.

A key element of openness is the right to freely retain, reuse, revise, remix and redistribute learning materials. To be open, learning materials must be openly licensed or released for public use. The idea of the 5 Rs of openness launched by David Wiley illustrates well this concept of openness of learning materials. The user must have the following rights to use the learning material for it to be open:

RETAIN

• The right to take and keep copies of the learning material.

REUSE

• The right to reuse the learning material in a variety of ways (e.g. in class, in a study group, on a website, on video).

REVISE

• The right to adapt or modify learning material (e.g. translate content into another language).

REMIX

• The right to create new learning material by combining the original or edited material with another open learning material.

REDISTRIBUTE

• The right to distribute copies of the original learning material, your own versions and combinations.

Source: David Wiley. 2009. Defining "open".